Abstract:Tuberculosis (TB) is a bacterial infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). When the immune system of the host weakened, the latently infected Mtb was recovered. That results to the recurrence of TB infection. As an important component of the host’s innate and adaptive immune response, macrophage autophagy plays an important role in protecting the host against Mtb infection. Heat shock protein 16.3 (Hsp16.3) is an important protein expressed during MTB latent infection (LTBI). It may maintain MTB long-term survival by inhibiting macrophage autophagy, and lead to the occurrence of LTBI. This article reviews the role of Hsp16.3 on regulating macrophage autophagy in LTBI. It is expected that Hsp16.3 can become a new biomarker for LTBI and a new target for anti-tuberculosis drugs.
张彩勤, 师长宏. Hsp16.3在结核分枝杆菌潜伏感染中的作用[J]. 中国人兽共患病学报, 2019, 35(6): 493-497.
ZHANG Cai-qin, SHI Chang-hong. Role of Hsp16.3 in latent infection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Chinese Journal of Zoonoses, 2019, 35(6): 493-497.
[1] Raviglione M, Sulis G. Tuberculosis 2015: burden, challenges and ctrategy for control and elimination [J]. Infect Dis Rep, 2016, 8(2):33-37. DOI: 10.4081/idr.2016.6570 [2] Pathakumari B, Anbarasu D, Parthasarathy RT, et al. PpiA antigen specific immune response is a potential biomarker for latent tuberculosis infection [J]. Tuberculosis (Edinb), 2015, 95(6):736-743. DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2015.07.006 [3] Hernández-Pando R, Jeyanathan M, Mengistu G, et al. Persistence of DNA from Mycobacterium tuberculosis in superficially normal lung tissue during latent infection [J]. Lancet, 2000, 356(9248):2133-2138. [4] Neyrolles O, Hernándezpando R, Pietrirouxel F, et al. Is adipose tissue a place for Mycobacterium tuberculosis persistence [J]. PLos One. 2006, 1:e43.1-9. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0000043 [5] Hampshire T, Soneji S, Bacon J, et al. Stationary phase gene expression of Mycobacterium tuberculosis following a progressive nutrient depletion: a model for persistent organisms[J]. Tuberculosis (Edinb), 2004, 84(3/4):228-238. DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2003.12.010 [6] Wayne LG. Dormancy of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and latency of disease [J]. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis, 1994, 13(11):908-914. PMID: 7698116 [7] Levine B, Deretic V. Unveiling the roles of autophagy in innate and adaptive immunity [J]. Nat Rev Immunol, 2007, 7(10):767-777. DOI: 10.1038/nri2161 [8] Xu Y, Jagannath C, Liu XD, et al. Toll-like receptor 4 is a sensor for autophagy associated with innate immunity [J]. Immunity, 2007, 27(1):135-144. DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2007.05.022 [9] Shin DM, Jeon BY, Lee HM, et al. Mycobacterium tuberculosis eis regulates autophagy, inflammation, and cell death through redox-dependent signaling [J]. PLoS Pathog, 2010, 6(12):e1001230. DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1001230 [10] Ni Cheallaigh C, Keane J, Lavelle EC, et al. Autophagy in the immune response to tuberculosis: clinical perspectives [J]. Clin Exp Immunol, 2011, 164(3):291-300. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2011.04381.x [11] Yuan Y, Crane DD, Barry CE. Stationary phase-associated protein expression in Mycobacterium tuberculosis: function of the mycobacterial alpha-crystallin homolog [J]. J Bacteriol, 1996, 178(15):4484-4492. [12] Cunningham AF, Spreadbury CL. Mycobacterial stationary phase induced by low oxygen tension: cell wall thickening and localization of the 16-kilodalton alpha-crystallin homolog [J]. Bacteriol J, 1998, 180(4):801-808. [13] Shi C, Shi J, Xu Z. A review of murine models of latent tuberculosis infection [J]. Scand J Infect Dis, 2011, 43(11/12):848-856. DOI: 10.3109/00365548.2011.603745 [14] Esmail H, Barry CE, Wilkinson RJ. Understanding latent tuberculosis: the key to improved diagnostic and novel treatment strategies [J]. Drug Discov Today, 2012, 17(9/10):514-521. DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2011.12.013 [15] Wayne LG, Lin KY. Glyoxylate metabolism and adaptation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis to survival under anaerobic conditions [J]. Infect Immun, 1982, 37(3):1042-1049. [16] Cheallaigh CN, Keane J, Lavelle EC, et al. Autophagy in the immune response to tuberculosis: clinical perspectives [J]. Clin Exp Immunol, 2011, 164(3):291-300. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2011.04381.x [17] Gutierrez MG, Master SS, Singh SB, et al. Autophagy is a defense mechanism inhibiting BCG and survival in infected macrophages [J]. Cell, 2004, 119(6):753-766. DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2004.11.038 [18] Amano A, Nakagawa I, Yoshimori T. Autophagy in innate immunity against intracellular bacteria [J]. J Biochem, 2006, 140(2):161-166. DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvj162 [19] Yan M, Xu WX, Liu D, et al. Autophagy promotes BCG-induced maturation of human dendritic cells [J]. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai), 2010, 42(3):177-182. PMID: 20213042 [20] Jagannath C, Lindsey DR, Dhandayuthapani S, et al. Autophagy enhances the efficacy of BCG vaccine by increasing peptide presentation in mouse dendritic cells [J]. Nat Med, 2009, 15(3):267-276. DOI: 10.1038/nm.1928 [21] Shi C, Zhang H, Zhang T, et al. New alternative vaccine component against Mycobacterium tuberculosis-heat shock protein 16.3 or its T-cell epitope [J]. Scand J Immunol, 2009, 70(5):465-474. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.2009.02325.x [22] Starck J, Kallenius G, Marklund BI, et al. Comparative proteome analysis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis grown under aerobic and anaerobic conditions [J]. Microbiology, 2004, 150(Pt11):3821-3829. DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.27284-0 [23] Rueda CM, Marin ND, Garcia LF, et al. Characterization of CD4 and CD8 T cells producing IFN-gamma in human latent and active tuberculosis [J]. Tuberculosis (Edinb), 2010, 90(6):346-353. DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2010.09.003 [24] Yuan Y, Crane DD, Simpson RM, et al. The 16-kDa alpha-crystallin (Acr) protein of Mycobacterium tuberculosis is required for growth in macrophages [J]. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 1998, 95(16):9578-9583. PMID: 9689123 [25] Kumari P, Sikri K, Kaur K, et al. Sustained expression of DevR/DosR during long-term hypoxic culture of Mycobacterium tuberculosis [J]. Tuberculosis (Edinb), 2017, 106:33-37. DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2017.06.003 [26] McNulty S, Colaco CA, Blandford LE, et al. Heat-shock proteins as dendritic cell-targeting vaccines--getting warmer [J]. Immunology, 2013, 139(4):407-415. DOI: 10.1111/imm.12104 [27] Ghadimi D, de Vrese M, Heller KJ, et al. Lactic acid bacteria enhance autophagic ability of mononuclear phagocytes by increasing Th1 autophagy-promoting cytokine (IFN-gamma) and nitric oxide (NO) levels and reducing Th2 autophagy-restraining cytokines (IL-4 and IL-13) in response to Mycobacterium [J]. Int Immunopharmacol, 2010, 10(6):694-706. DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2010.03.014 [28] Dey B, Jain R, Khera A, et al. Latency antigen α-crystallin based vaccination imparts a robust protection against TB by modulating the dynamics of pulmonary cytokines [J]. PLoS One, 2011, 6(4):e18773. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0018773 [29] Belay M, Legesse M, Mihret A, et al. Pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines against Rv2031 are elevated during latent tuberculosis: a study in cohorts of tuberculosis patients, household contacts and community controls in an endemic setting [J]. PLoS One, 2015, 10(4):e0124134. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0124134 [30] Redpath S, Ghazal P, Gascoigne NR. Hijacking and exploitation of IL-10 by intracellular pathogens [J]. Trends Microbiol, 2001, 9(2):86-92. PMID: 11173248 [31] O’Leary S, O’Sullivan MP, Keane J. IL-10 blocks phagosome maturation in Mycobacterium tuberculosis-infected human macrophages [J]. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol, 2011, 45(1):172-180. DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2010-0319OC [32] Murray PJ. Understanding and exploiting the endogenous Interleukin-10/STAT3-mediated anti-inflammatory response [J]. Curr Opin Pharmacol, 2006, 6(4):379-386. DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2006.01.010 [33] Kannan R, Sreekumar PG, Hinton DR. Novel roles for α-crystallins in retinal function and disease [J]. Prog Retin Eye Res, 2012, 31(6):576-604. DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2012.06.001 [34] Zhu Z, Li R, Stricker R, et al. Extracellular α-crystallin protects astrocytes from cell death through activation of MAPK, PI3K/Akt signaling pathway and blockade of ROS release from mitochondria [J]. Brain Res, 2015, 1620:17-28. DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2015.05.011 [35] Yang L, Zhang C, Zhao Y, et al. Effects of Mycobacterium tuberculosis mutant strain Hsp16.3 gene on murine RAW 264.7 macrophage autophagy [J]. DNA Cell Biol, 2018, 37(1):7-14. DOI: 10.1089/dna.2016.3599 [36] Alvarez-Leon EE, Espinosa-Vega E, Santana-Rodriguez E, et al. Screening for tuberculosis infection in spanish healthcare workers: comparison of the Quanti FERON-TB gold in-tube test with the tuberculin skin test [J]. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol,2009, 30(9):876-883. DOI: 10.1086/598519 [37] Zhang C, Song X, Zhao Y, et al. Mycobacterium tuberculosis secreted proteins as potential biomarkers for the diagnosis of active tuberculosis and latent tuberculosis infection [J]. J Clin Lab Anal, 2015, 29(5):375-382. DOI: 10.1002/jcla.21782 [38] Geluk A, Lin MY, Meijgaarden KEV, et al. T-cell recognition of the HspX protein of Mycobacterium tuberculosis correlates with latent M. tuberculosis infection but not with M. bovis BCG vaccination [J]. Infect Immun, 2007, 75(6):2914-2921. DOI: 10.1128/IAI.01990-06 [39] Roupie V, Romano M, Zhang L, et al. Immunogenicity of eight dormancy regulon-encoded proteins of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in DNA-vaccinated and tuberculosis-infected mice [J]. Infect Immun, 2007, 75(2):941-949. DOI: 10.1128/IAI.01137-06 [40] Bosze S, Caccamo N, Majer Z, et al. In vitro T-cell immunogenicity of oligopeptides derived from the region 92-110 of the 16-kDa protein of Mycobacterium tuberculosis [J]. Biopolymers, 2004, 76(6):467-476. DOI: 10.1002/bip.20153 [41] Carver JA. Probing the structure and interactions of crystallin proteins by NMR spectroscopy [J]. Prog Retin Eye Res, 1999, 18(4):431-462. PMID: 10217479 [42] Fu X, Zhang H, Zhang X, et al. A dual role for the N-terminal region of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Hsp16.3 in self-oligomerization and binding denaturing substrate proteins [J]. J Biol Chem, 2005, 280(8):6337-6348. DOI: 10.1074/jbc.M406319200 [43] Basha E, Friedrich KL, Vierling E. The N-terminal arm of small heat shock proteins is important for both chaperone activity and substrate specificity [J]. J Biol Chem, 2006, 281(52):39943-39952. DOI: 10.1074/jbc.M607677200 [44] Panda AK, Chakraborty A, Nandi SK, et al. The C-terminal extension of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Hsp16.3 regulates its oligomerization, subunit exchange dynamics and chaperone function [J]. FEBS J, 2017, 284(2):277-300. DOI: 10.1111/febs.13975