Abstract：Tuberculosis (TB) is a chronic infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB), which severely endangers human health. Tuberculosis is one of the major infectious diseases causing harm and death to people globally. China has among the highest burden of TB worldwide. China’s TB prevention and control efforts are facing many problems and challenges. The current TB prevention and control service system and control capacity in China cannot meet the prevention and control needs. At present, the most common and effective vaccine to prevent tuberculosis is Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG). However, because of the relatively low protective effect of BCG against pulmonary tuberculosis infection in adolescents and adults, as well as changes in external factors, BCG faces challenges in meeting the urgent needs of preventing and controlling tuberculosis in humans. Currently, research and development of a new TB vaccine is particularly urgent and important. This article introduces the live attenuated vaccine VPM1002 vaccine, protein/adjuvant vaccine H4/H56:IC31 vaccine, viral vector vaccine, adenovirus vector vaccine and other vaccines that have entered clinical trials. It additionally describes the current status of research on anti-TB immune mechanisms to provide a reference for future tuberculosis control, and it discusses ideas for the future development of new TB vaccines. This article should have important reference value for the development and innovation of TB vaccines in China.
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