Association between Chlamydia pneumonia infection and Alzheimer’s disease
YANG Xin-ling1, LIU Xue-qing1, YANG Jie-min2
1.College of Laboratory Medicine, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou 075000, China; 2.Department of Neurosurgery, the Second People’s Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming 650021, China
Abstract:Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia in the elderly, whereby it is customary to distinguish between early familial FAD and late-onset AD (LOAD). The importance of inflammation in the pathogenesis of LOAD is increasingly being recognized and many studies show that Chlamydia pneumonia (Cpn) has been implicated in LOAD pathogenesis. This review focuses specifically on infection with Cpn in LOAD including the histopathological basis, animal model research and antibiotic treatment studies, and how the infection may function as a “trigger or initiator” in the pathogenesis of LOAD.
杨新玲,刘雪晴,杨杰民. 肺炎衣原体感染与阿尔茨海默病的关系[J]. 中国人兽共患病学报, 2013, 29(2): 195-198.
YANG Xin-ling, LIU Xue-qing, YANG Jie-min. Association between Chlamydia pneumonia infection and Alzheimer’s disease. Chinese Journal of Zoonoses, 2013, 29(2): 195-198.
[1]Chintamaneni M, Bhaskar M. Biomarkers in Alzheimer’s disease: a review[J]. ISRN Pharmacol. 2012, 2012: 984786, DOI: 10.5402/2012/984786 [2]Boelen E, Steinbusch HW, Bruggeman CA, et al. The inflammatory aspects of Chlamydia pneumoniae-induced brain infection[J]. Drugs Today (Barc), 2009, 45(Suppl B): 159-164. [3]Schellenberg GD. Genetic dissection of Alzheimer disease, a heterogeneous disorder[J]. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1995, 92(19):8552-8559. [4]Blasi F, Tarsia P, Aliberti S. Chlamydophila pneumoniae[J]. Clin Microbiol Infect, 2009, 15(1): 29-35. DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2008.02130.x [5]Balin BJ, Gerard HC, Arking EJ, et al. Identification and localization of Chlamydia pneumoniae in the Alzheimer’s brain[J]. Med Microbiol Immunol. 1998, 187(1):23-42. [6]Gerard HC, Wildt KL, Whittum-Hudson JA, et al. The load of Chlamydia pneumoniae in the Alzheimer’s brain varies with APOE genotype[J]. Microb Pathog, 2005, 39(1/2):19-26. DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2005.05.002 [7]Gerard HC,Dreses-Werringloer U,Wildt KS,et al. Chlamydophila (Chlamydia) pneumoniae in the Alzheimer’s brain[J]. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol, 2006, 48(3):355-366. DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-695X.2006.00154.x [8]Little CS, Hammond CJ, MacIntyre A, et al. Chlamydia pneumoniae induces Alzheimer-like amyloid plaques in brains of BALB/c mice[J]. Neurobiol Aging,2004, 25(4):419-429. DOI: 10.1016/S0197-4580(03)00127-1 [9]Hammond C, Little CS, Longo N, et al. Antibiotic alters inflammation in the mouse brain during persistent Chlamydia pneumoniae infection[M]. In: Alzheimer’s disease: new advances. Bologna: Medimond International Proceedings, 2006: 537-540. [10]Loeb MB, Molloy DW, Smieja M, et al. A randomized, controlled trial of doxycycline and rifampin for patients with Alzheimer’s disease[J]. J Am Geriatr Soc, 2004, 52(3):381-387. DOI: 10.1111/j.1532-5415.2004.52109.x [11]Finefrock AE, Bush AI, Doraiswamy PM. Current status of metals as therapeutic targets in Alzheimer’s disease[J]. J Am Geriatr Soc, 2003, 51(8): 1143-1148. DOI: 10.1046/j.1532-5415.2003.51368.x [12]Cahoon L. The curious case of clioquinol[J]. Nat Med, 2009, 15(4):356-359. DOI: 10.1038/nm0409-356 [13]Albert NM. Inflammation and infection in acute coronary syndrome[J]. J Cardiovasc Nurs, 2000, 15(1):13-26. [14]Kovács T, Cairns NJ, Lantos PL. Olfactory centres in Alzheimer’s disease: olfactory bulb is involved in early Braak’s stages[J]. Neuroreport, 2001, 12(2):285-288. [15]Airenne S, Surcel HM, Alakärppä H, et al. Chlamydia pneumoniae infection in human monocytes[J]. Infect Immun,1999, 67(3):1445-1449. [16]MacIntyre A, Abramov R, Hammond CJ, et al. Chlamydia pneumoniae infection promotes the transmigration of monocytes through human brain endothelial cells[J]. J Neurosci Res, 2003, 71(5):740-750. DOI: 10.1002/jnr.10519 [17]MacIntyre A, Hammond CJ, et al. Chlamydia pneumoniae infection alters the junctional complex proteins of human brain microvascular endothelial cells[J]. FEMS Microbiol Lett, 2002, 217(2):167-172. [18]Paradowski B, Jaremko M, Dobosz T, et al. Evaluation of CSF-Chlamydia pneumoniae, CSF-tau, and CSF-Abeta42 in Alzheimer’s disease and vascular dementia[J]. J Neurol, 2007, 254(2):154-159. DOI: 10.1007/s00415-006-0298-5 [19]Rasmussen SJ, Eckmann L, Quayle AJ, et al. Secretion of proinflammatory cytokines by epithelial cells in response to Chlamydia infection suggests a central role for epithelial cells in chlamydial pathogenesis[J]. J Clin Invest, 1997, 99(1):77-87. DOI: 10.1172/JCI119136 [20]Wood PL. Role of CNS macrophages in neurodegeneration[M]. In: Neuroinflammation Mechanisms and Management. New Jersey: Humana Press, 1998: 1-59. [21]Boelen E, Steinbusch HW, van der Ven AJ, et al. Chlamydia pneumonia infection of brain cells: An in vitro study[J]. Neurobiol Aging, 2007, 28(4):524-532. DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2006.02.014 [22]Gérard HC, Fomicheva E, Whittum-Hudson JA, et al. Apolipoprotein E4 enhances attachment of Chlamydophila (Chlamydia) pneumoniae elementary bodies to host cells[J]. Microb Pathog, 2008, 44(4):279-285. DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2007.10.002