Plasmodium falciparum resistance toartemisinin drugs—the latest research progress
WANG Ying-na1,ZHANG Yan-mei2,LIN Ying-xue3,YANG Zhao-qing1
1.Department of Parasitology, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, China; 2.Department of Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, China; 3.Yingjiang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Yingjiang 679300, China
Abstract:Plasmodium falciparum is a worldwide parasitic disease that leads to high mortality. Through the long history of antimalarial drug uses, P. falciparum has become resistant to all major antimalarials. As the leading substitute antimalarials following the occurrence of resistance to chloroquine and quinine, artemisinin and its derivatives are the only class of antimalarials with apparent resistance. Unfortunately, the decrease in sensitivity has already been detected through a lot of research and clinical monitoring. Evidence has accumulated to indicate that P. falciparum are gradually becoming resistant to artemisinin and its derivatives. In this review, we summarize the current situation of resistance to artemisinin and its derivatives and the research progress on the resistance mechanism.
[1] Organization WH. Multidrug and extensively drug-resistant TB (M/XDR-TB): 2010 global report on surveillance and response[M]. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2010:64. [2]Denis MB, Tsuyuoka R, Poravuth Y, et al. Surveillance of the efficacy of artesunate and mefloquine combination for the treatment of uncomplicated falciparum malaria in Cambodia[J]. Trop Med Int Health, 2006, 11(9): 1360-1366. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3156.2006.01690.x [3]Organization WH. Resistance to artemisinin derivatives along the Thai-Cambodian border[J]. Wkly Epidemiol Rec, 2007, 82: 360. [4]Taylor SM, Juliano JJ, Meshnick SR. Artemisinin resistance in Plasmodium falciparum malaria[J]. N Engl J Med, 2009, 361: 1807. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa0808859 [5]Kyaw MP, Nyunt MH, Chit K, et al. Reduced susceptibility of Plasmodium falciparum to artesunate in Southern Myanmar[J]. PLoS ONE, 2013, 8(3): e57689. DOI: 10.1371/journal.Pone.0057689 [6]Carrara VI, Lwin KM, Phyo AP, et al. Malaria burden and artemisinin resistance in the mobile and migrant population on the Thai Myanmar Border, 1999 2011: An observational study[J]. PLoS Med, 2013, 10(3): e1001398. DOI: 10.1371/journal.Pmed.1001398 [7]Dondorp AM, Nosten F, Yi P, et al. Artemisinin resistance in Plasmodium falciparum malaria[J]. New Engl J Med, 2009, 361(5): 455-467. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa0808859 [8]Satimai W, Sudathip P, Vijaykadga S, et al. Artemisinin resistance containment project in Thailand. II: responses to mefloquine-artesunate combination therapy among falciparum malaria patients in provinces bordering Cambodia[J]. Malaria J, 2012, 11(1): 1-13. DOI: 10.1186/1475-2875-11-131 [9]Hien TT, Thuy-Nhien NT, Phu NH, et al. In vivo susceptibility of Plasmodium falciparum to artesunate in Binh Phuoc Province, Vietnam[J]. Malaria J, 2012, 11(1): 1-11. DOI: 10.1186/1475-2875-11-355 [10]Ng CL, Fidock DA. No evidence of decreased artemisinin efficacy in a high-transmission malaria setting in Mali[J]. American J Trop Med Hyg, 2012, 87(1): 16. DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.2012.12-0344 [11]Lin YH, Li XL, Gao BH, et al. Surveillance of Plasmodium falciparum susceptibility to seven antimalarials, including artemether, in the western part of the Sino-Myanmar border area[J]. J Pathog Biol, 2009, 4(11): 831-832, 843. [12]Sun XD, Zhang ZX, Wang J, et al. Therapeutic efficacy and safety of compound dihydroartemisinin/piperaquine for uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum infection in Laiza City of Myanmar Bordering on China[J]. Chin J Parasitol Parasit Dis, 2011, 29(5): 372-375. (in Chinese) 孙晓东, 张再兴, 王剑, 等. 双氢青蒿素哌喹片治疗缅甸拉咱市恶性疟的疗效和安全性评价[J]. 中国寄生虫学与寄生虫病杂志, 2011, 29(5): 372-5. [13]Eckstein-Ludwig U, Webb R, Van Goethem I, et al. Artemisinins target the SERCA of Plasmodium falciparum[J]. Nature, 2003, 424(6951): 957-961. DOI: 10.1038/nature01813 [14]Jambou R, Legrand E, Niang M, et al. Resistance of Plasmodium falciparum field isolates to in-vitro artemether and point mutations of the SERCA-type PfATPase6[J]. Lancet, 2005, 366(9501): 1960-1963. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(05)67787-2 [15]Brasil LW, Areas AL, Melo GC, et al. Pfatp6 molecular profile of Plasmodium falciparum isolates in the western Brazilian Amazon[J]. Malaria J, 2012, 11(1): 1-5. DOI: 10.1186/1475-2875-11-111 [16]Cui L, Wang Z, Jiang H, et al. Lack of association of the S769N mutation in Plasmodium falciparum SERCA (PfATP6) with resistance to artemisinins[J]. Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 2012, 56(5): 2546-2552. DOI: 10.1128/AAC.05943-11 [17]Miao M, Wang Z, Yang Z, et al. Genetic diversity and lack of artemisinin selection signature on the Plasmodium falciparum ATP6 in the Greater Mekong Subregion[J]. PLoS One, 2013, 8(3): e59192. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0059192 [18]Witkowski B, Iriart X, Soh PN, et al. pfmdr1 amplification associated with clinical resistance to mefloquine in West Africa: implications for efficacy of artemisinin combination therapies[J]. J Clin Microbiol, 2010, 48(10): 3797-3799. DOI: 10.1128/JCM. 01057-10 [19]Wilson CM, Volkman SK, Thaithong S, et al. Amplification of pfmdr1 associated with mefloquine and halofantrine resistance in Plasmodium falciparum from Thailand[J]. Mol Biochemical Parasitol, 1993, 57(1): 151-160. DOI: 10.1016/0166-6851(93)90252-S [20]Witkowski B, Nicolau ML, Soh PN, et al. Plasmodium falciparum isolates with increased pfmdr1 copy number circulate in West Africa[J]. Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 2010, 54(7): 3049-3051. DOI: 10.1128/AAC.00209-10 [21]Malmberg M, Ferreira PE, Tarning J, et al. Plasmodium falciparum drug resistance phenotype as assessed by patient antimalarial drug levels and its association with pfmdr1 polymorphisms[J]. J Infect Dis, 2013, 207(5): 842-847. DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jis747 [22]Dondorp AM, Fairhurst RM, Slutsker L, et al. The threat of artemisinin-resistant malaria[J]. New Engl J Med, 2011, 365(12): 1073-1075. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMp1108322 [23]Codd A, Teuscher F, Kyle DE, et al. Artemisinin-induced parasite dormancy: a plausible mechanism for treatment failure[J]. Malaria J, 2011, 10(1): 56. DOI: 10.1186/1475-2875-10-56 [24]Dou XG, Yang SJ, Ren H. Measles[M]. 7th edition of Infectious Diseases, Beijing: People’s Medical Publishing House, 2008: 69-74. (in Chinese) 窦晓光, 杨绍基, 任红. 麻疹[M]//传染病学.7版.北京: 人民卫生出版社,2008: 69-74.