Abstract: Toxoplasma gondii is an important zoonotic protozoa. Only one species of T. gondii is known, however, a multitude of genotypes were identified. Research shows that the genotype distribution of T. gondii was different in different geographical regions. Genotyping of T. gondii has vast importance to molecular epidemiology, source of infection and control of toxoplasmosis. In this paper, genotyping methods for T. gondii were reviewed, providing a reference for selection of the suitable methods.
[1] Dubey JP. Toxoplasmosis of animals and humans[M]. 2nd ed. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2009: 1-118. [2]Su C, Shwab EK, Zhou P, et al. Moving towards an integrated approach to molecular detection and identification of Toxoplasma gondii[J]. Parasitology, 2010, 137(1): 1-11. DOI:10.1017/S0031182009991065 [3]Rinder H, Thomschke A, Dard ML, et al. Specific DNA polymorphisms discriminate between virulence and non-virulence to mice in nine Toxoplasma gondii strains[J]. Mol Biochem Parasitol, 1995, 69(1): 123-126. [4]Parmley SF, Gross U, Sucharczuk A, et al. Two alleles of the gene encoding surface antigen P22 in 25 strains of Toxoplasma gondii[J]. J Parasitol, 1994, 80(2): 293-301. [5]Fazaeli A, Carter PE, Darde ML, et al. Molecular typing of Toxoplasma gondii strains by GRA6 gene sequence analysis[J]. Int J Parasitol, 2000, 30(5): 637-642. DOI:10.1016/S0020-7519(00)00036-9 [6]Lehmann T, Blackston CR, Parmley SF, et al. Strain typing of Toxoplasma gondii: comparison of antigen- coding and housekeeping genes[J]. J Parasitol, 2000, 86(5): 960-971. DOI:10.1645/0022-3395(2000)086[0960:STOTGC]2.0.CO;2. [7]Aspinall TV, Joynson DH, Guy E, et al. The molecular basis of sulfonamide resistance in Toxoplasma gondii and implications for the clinical management of toxoplasmosis[J]. J Infect Dis, 2002, 185(11): 1637-1643. DOI: 10.1086/340577 [8]Binas M, Johnson AM. A polymorphism in a DNA polymerase alpha gene intron differentiates between murine virulent and avirulent strains of Toxoplasma gondii[J]. Int J Parasitol, 1998, 28(7): 1033-1040. DOI:10.1016/S0020-7519(98)00052-6 [9]Grigg ME, Boothroyd JC. Rapid identification of virulent type I strains of the protozoan pathogen Toxoplasma gondii by PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis at the B1 gene[J]. J Clin Microbiol, 2001, 39(1): 398-400. DOI: 10.1128/JCM.39.1.398-400.2001 [10]Howe DK, Sibley LD. Toxoplasma gondii comprises three clonal lineages: correlation of parasite genotype with human disease[J]. J Infect Dis, 1995(6), 172: 1561-1566. DOI:10.1093/infdis/172.6.1561 [11]Howe DK, Honore S, Derouin F, et al. Determination of genotypes of Toxoplasma gondii strains isolated from patients with toxoplasmosis[J]. J Clin Microbiol, 1997, 35(6): 1411-1414. [12]Ajzenberg D, Banuls AL, Su C, et al. Genetic diversity, clonality and sexuality in Toxoplasma gondii[J]. Int J Parasitol, 2004, 34(10): 1185-1196. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2004.06.007 [13]Pena HF, Gennari SM, Dubey JP, et al. Population structure and mouse-virulence of Toxoplasma gondii in Brazil[J]. Int J Parasitol, 2008, 38(5): 561-569. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2007.09.004 [14]Dubey JP, Sundar N, Gennari SM, et al. Biologic and genetic comparison of Toxoplasma gondii isolates in free-range chickens from the northern Para state and the southern state Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil revealed highly diverse and distinct parasite populations[J]. Vet Parasitol, 2007, 143(2): 182-188. DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2006.08.024 [15]Costa JM, Darde ML, Assouline B, et al. Microsatellite in the beta-tubulin gene of Toxoplasma gondii as a new genetic marker for use in direct screening of amniotic fluids[J]. J Clin Microbiol, 1997, 35(10): 2542-2545. [16]Oliveira RP, Broude NE, Macedo AM, et al. Probing the genetic population structure of Trypanosoma cruzi with polymorphic microsatellites[J]. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 1998, 95(7): 3776-3780. DOI: 10.1128/JCM.01658-08 [17]Rossi V, Wincker P, Ravel C, et al. Structural organisation of microsatellite families in the Leishmania genome and polymorphisms at two (CA)n loci[J]. Mol Biochem Parasitol, 1994, 65(2): 271-282. DOI: 10.1016/0166-6851(94)90078-7 [18]Su XZ, Carucci DJ, Wellems TE. Plasmodium falciparum: parasite typing by using a multicopy microsatellite marker, PfRRM[J]. Exp Parasitol, 1998, 89(2): 262-265. DOI: 10.1006/expr.1998.4299 [19]Caccio S, Homan W, Camilli R, et al. A microsatellite marker reveals population heterogeneity within human and animal genotypes of Cryptosporidium parvum[J]. Parasitology, 2000, 120 (Pt 3): 237-244. [20]Lehmann T, Graham DH, Dahl E, et al. Transmission dynamics of Toxoplasma gondii on a pig farm[J]. Infect Genet Evol, 2003, 3(2): 135-141. DOI: 10.1016/S1567-1348(03)00067-4 [21]Ajzenberg D, Dumétre A, Darde ML. Multiplex PCR for typing strains of Toxoplasma gondii[J]. J Clin Microbiol, 2005, 43(4): 1940-1943. DOI: 10.1128/JCM.43.4.1940-1943.2005 [22]Ferreira AM, Vitor RW, Carneiro AC, et al. Genetic variability of Brazilian Toxoplasma gondii strains by random amplified polymorphic DNA-polymerase chain reaction (RAPD-PCR) and simple sequence repeat anchored-PCR (SSR-PCR)[J]. Infect Genet Evol, 2004, 4(2): 131-142. DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2004.03.002 [23]Kong JT, Grigg ME, Uyetake L, et al. Serotyping of Toxoplasma gondii infections in humans using synthetic peptides[J]. J Infect Dis, 2003, 187(9): 1484-1495. DOI:10.1086/374647 [24]Wang N, Chen RS. Comparison of phylogenetic analysis based on intron and exon[J]. Chin Sci Bull, 1994, 44(19): 2095-2102. (in Chinese) 王宁, 陈润生. 基于内含子和外显子的系统发育分析的比较[J]. 科学通报, 1999, 44(19):2095-2102. [25]Khan A, Taylor S, Su C, et al. Composite genome map and recombination parameters derived from three archetypal lineages of Toxoplasma gondii[J]. Nucleic Acids Res, 2005, 33: 2980-2992. DOI:10.1093/nar/gki604 [26]Khan A, Jordan C, Muccioli C, et al. Genetic divergence of Toxoplasma gondii strains associated with ocular toxoplasmosis, Brazil[J]. Emerg Infect Dis, 2006, 12(6): 942-949. DOI:10.3201/eid1206.060025 [27]Khan A, Fux B, Su C, et al. Recent transcontinental sweep of Toxoplasma gondii driven by a single monomorphic chromosome[J]. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 2007, 104(37): 14872-14877. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0702356104 [28]Dubey JP, Rajendran C, Ferreira LR, et al. A new atypical highly mouse virulent Toxoplasma gondii genotype isolated from a wild black bear in Alaska[J]. J Parasitol, 2010, 96(4): 713-716. DOI: 10.1645/GE-2429.1