中国人兽共患病学报
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流感病毒变异猖獗,罗氏&GSK抗病毒药热销
 

 

2014年12月10日讯/生物谷BIOON/--又到一年流感爆发季,由于流感病毒变异迅速,意味着好多疫苗都失去作用。然而,由于疾控中心(CDC)早前推荐人们使用抗流感药物预防潜在的严重症状,这些“变异株”也给罗氏的基因泰克和葛兰素史克等抗病毒药巨头提供了商机。

据华尔街报道,目前几乎一半以上的样本分析都来源于今年的优势病毒株——流感病毒株AH3N2,该病毒株与目前疫苗针对的所有病毒类型基因型都有些许不同,然而今年再去研发新的疫苗为时已晚,因此官方建议医生在病人尚未出现流感症状时就开处方(推荐药品是罗氏的达菲Tamiflu和葛兰素史克的Relenza),而不要等到病人确诊。

CDC的主管Tom Frieden表示,他们强烈建议医生不要等到检查结果出来再开处方,由于医生总是想等到阳性结果,这就导致只有不到六分之一的患者能接受及时的治疗。然而抗病毒药通常在出现症状后48小时内就会生效,对于抵抗变异病毒株非常有效,能够将病程缩短一天。

CDC提供的用药建议使得达菲Tamiflu 和Relenza在需求下降、饱受诟病的同时销量暴增。2009年H1N1大爆发,Tamiflu为罗氏带来了30亿美元的销售额,而在2013年,为罗氏带来的销售额是6.35亿瑞士法郎(7.265亿美元)。

然而随后罗氏也遭到一些非议。就在罗氏赞助的研究宣布Tamiflu能降低H1N1患者19%的死亡率(以无治疗作对照)后一周,一个名为Cochrane Collaboration非营利性机构声称没有准确的数据证明Tamiflu能阻止流感传播、减少并发症。

据称,自2009年流感爆发,英美两国共花费了20亿美元用于储备该药物,罗氏等公司凭借抗病毒药物大赚一笔也就不难理解了。

关于达菲(Tamiflu)

达菲(Tamiflu)是罗氏独家生产的抗流感药物,通用名称为磷酸奥司他韦(Oseltamivir phosphate)。奥司他韦(Oseltamivir)于1999年在瑞士上市,2001年10月在我国上市。达菲是一种非常有效的流感治疗用药,并且可以大大减少并发症(主要是气管炎与支气管炎、肺炎、咽炎等)的发生和抗生素的使用,因而是目前治疗流感的最常用药物之一,也是公认的抗禽流感、甲型H1N1流感最有效的药物之一。

奥司他韦口服后经肝脏和肠道酯酶迅速催化转化为其活性代谢物奥司他韦羧酸,奥司他韦羧酸的构型与神经氨酸的过渡态相似,能够竞争性地与流感病毒神经氨酸酶(NA,neu-raminidase,也有称作神经氨酸苷酶)的活动位点结合,因而是一种强效的高选择性的流感病毒NA抑制剂(NAIs),它主要通过干扰病毒从被感染的宿主细胞中释放,从而减少甲型或乙型流感病毒的传播。

关于乐感清(Relenza)

“乐感清”是一种吸入式药剂,其主要成份是zanzmivir,和克流感同属抗流感药物,可作为对抗禽流感的前线药物。通过抑制流感病毒的神经氨酸酶,从而改变了流感病毒在感染细胞内的聚集和释放。体外试验时发现,当药物浓度不断增加时,仍有流感病毒对扎那米韦的敏感性下降。经分析,这与病毒突变引起神经氨酸酶及血细胞凝集素二者或其一的氨基酸发生改变有关。(生物谷Bioon.com)

原文The flu season's most common viral strain has mutated, meaning this year's shots may not fully protect against it. But the so-called "drifted" strain may open up an opportunity for antiviral makers like Roche's ($RHHBY) Genentech and GlaxoSmithKline ($GSK), with the CDC urging earlier use of anti-flu drugs to combat potentially severe symptoms.

More than half the samples analyzed from this year's dominant strain, influenza A H3N2, are slightly different genetically from the version of the strain included in current flu vaccines, The Wall Street Journalreports. While it's too late to make any changes to the vaccine, officials suggest doctors prescribe products like Roche'sTamiflu and GSK's Relenza early to patients without the virus' symptoms instead of waiting for flu test results.

"We strongly encourage doctors not to wait for a test," CDC Director Tom Frieden told the paper. The meds usually reach fewer than one in 6 severely ill flu patients, he said, often because physicians wait for a positive flu test. But antivirals, which are most effective when taken within 48 hours after symptoms show up, will be critical in fighting the mutated strain, likely reducing the length of illness by about a day.

The recommendation could help boost Tamiflu and Relenza sales at a time when demand is down and critics are questioning their worth. After getting a huge boost during 2009's swine flu pandemic--Tamiflu sales hit $3 billion--sales of the Roche product sat at 635 million Swiss francs ($726.5 million) in 2013.

And lately, critics of the drugs have been making their voices heard. Just weeks after a Roche-funded study claimed Tamiflu cut the risk of death in H1N1 patients by 19% over no treatment at all, a study from the nonprofit Cochrane Collaboration found no evidence that the product stops the spread of the flu or reduces its complications.

Money spent stockpiling the drugs since the 2009 outbreak--a combined $2 billion between the U.S. and the U.K.--"has been thrown down the drain," co-author Carl Heneghan said in April.

 

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